What is the Human Digestive System
What is the Human Digestive System - The human digestive system breaks down food mechanically and then converts it chemically into substances that can be absorbed by the body.
Simple sugars are, for the most part, absorbed unchanged. However, starch, fats, and proteins generally need to be broken down by the digestive fluids before they can be utilized. A variety of enzymes perform this function, each having particular substrates upon which it can act. For example, the enzyme amylase, present in saliva, breaks down starch into sugar. Similarly, in the stomach the enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into short peptides.
The digestive tract is composed of the organs shown in the figure at right. In the mouth, the tongue and teeth crush food and mix it with saliva. When swallowed the masticated food passes down the esophagus to the stomach. As the food passes the glottis, the epiglottis closes to prevent choking.
The stomach secretes acidic digestive fluids which aid in breaking down the food (pepsin is active only in an acidic solution).
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Within the small intestine, bile acts as a surfactant, coating lipid particles, allowing their dispersion, and thus making them accessible to the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which breaks them down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water from the matter passed undigested through the small intestine. It then ejects the dehydrated waste from the body.
The human digestive system is one of the largest and most evolved systems in the human body. however, its complexity also opens us up to many disorders and diseases. How does it work and why does it fail so often?
The basic function of the digestive system is to convert food materials into usable energy and to provide our bodies with material its needs to grow and maintain itself. This long process has evolved to be very efficient- grabbing as many nutrients out of food as possible and leaving all unusable material to be excreted.
The organs of the digestive system on this site have been divided into early, middle, and late for simplicity sake. In the human body, the digestive system is really made up of a long, what can be thought as, tube called the Alimentry Canal or GI Tract.
The GI tract begin in the mouth and ends in the Anus. To aid the process of digestion, several accessory organs line the GI tract. These organs include the Salivary Glands, Teeth and Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas. These organs produce saliva, bile, and several other important catabolic (breakdown) enzymes. These molecules are added the the orderly flow of food in the GI Tract via several ducts.
The basic strategy of digestion is to break down all food into basic molecules and then absorb the useful ones. The specific roles of each section and organ is covered at the left: early, middle, and late digestion.
Your digestive system consists of organs that break down food into components that your body uses for energy and for building and repairing cells and tissues.
Food passes down the throat, down through a muscular tube called the esophagus, and into the stomach, where food continues to be broken down. The partially digested food passes into a short tube called the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The jejunum and ileum are also part of the small intestine. The liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas produce enzymes and substances that help with digestion in the small intestine.
The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine, which includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a branch off the large intestine. it has no known function. Indigestible remains of food are expelled through the anus.
What is Breast Cancer? and What is Anemia?
READ MORE - What is the Human Digestive System
Simple sugars are, for the most part, absorbed unchanged. However, starch, fats, and proteins generally need to be broken down by the digestive fluids before they can be utilized. A variety of enzymes perform this function, each having particular substrates upon which it can act. For example, the enzyme amylase, present in saliva, breaks down starch into sugar. Similarly, in the stomach the enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins into short peptides.
The digestive tract is composed of the organs shown in the figure at right. In the mouth, the tongue and teeth crush food and mix it with saliva. When swallowed the masticated food passes down the esophagus to the stomach. As the food passes the glottis, the epiglottis closes to prevent choking.
The stomach secretes acidic digestive fluids which aid in breaking down the food (pepsin is active only in an acidic solution).
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Within the small intestine, bile acts as a surfactant, coating lipid particles, allowing their dispersion, and thus making them accessible to the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which breaks them down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water from the matter passed undigested through the small intestine. It then ejects the dehydrated waste from the body.
The human digestive system is one of the largest and most evolved systems in the human body. however, its complexity also opens us up to many disorders and diseases. How does it work and why does it fail so often?
The basic function of the digestive system is to convert food materials into usable energy and to provide our bodies with material its needs to grow and maintain itself. This long process has evolved to be very efficient- grabbing as many nutrients out of food as possible and leaving all unusable material to be excreted.
The organs of the digestive system on this site have been divided into early, middle, and late for simplicity sake. In the human body, the digestive system is really made up of a long, what can be thought as, tube called the Alimentry Canal or GI Tract.
The GI tract begin in the mouth and ends in the Anus. To aid the process of digestion, several accessory organs line the GI tract. These organs include the Salivary Glands, Teeth and Tongue, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas. These organs produce saliva, bile, and several other important catabolic (breakdown) enzymes. These molecules are added the the orderly flow of food in the GI Tract via several ducts.
The basic strategy of digestion is to break down all food into basic molecules and then absorb the useful ones. The specific roles of each section and organ is covered at the left: early, middle, and late digestion.
Your digestive system consists of organs that break down food into components that your body uses for energy and for building and repairing cells and tissues.
Food passes down the throat, down through a muscular tube called the esophagus, and into the stomach, where food continues to be broken down. The partially digested food passes into a short tube called the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The jejunum and ileum are also part of the small intestine. The liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas produce enzymes and substances that help with digestion in the small intestine.
The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine, which includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a branch off the large intestine. it has no known function. Indigestible remains of food are expelled through the anus.
What is Breast Cancer? and What is Anemia?
Aphorisms - Part 1
Aphorisms - Part 1:
“The important thing is to not stop questioning.”
-Albert Einstein
"Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it"
- Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
“I once had a sparrow alight upon my shoulder for a moment while I was hoeing in a village
garden, and I felt that I was more distinguished by that circumstance than I should have been by
any epaulet I could have worn.”
-Henry David Thoreau
"Each of us visits this Earth involuntarily, and without an invitation. For me, it is enough to
wonder at the secrets."
-Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
“We hear and apprehend only what we already half know.”
-Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862
“Two-thirds of what we see is behind our eyes.”
-Chinese Proverb
“It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.”
-Aristotle
“We don’t see things as they are; we see things as we are.”
-The Talmud
Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor imagination nor both together go to the making of
genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of genius.
-Mozart
"I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have."
- Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.”
-Aristotle
"I have never let my schooling interfere with my education."
-Mark Twain (1835-1910)
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
-Theodosius Dobzhansky
“A hen is only an eggs way of making another egg.”
-Samuel Butler, 1835-1901
“The outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for
the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in
life.”
-Max Plank
“An intelligence which at a given instant comprehends all the relations of the entities of the
universe could predict their positions, motions and general affects at any time in the past or
future. So it is that we owe to the weakness of the human mind the science of chance and
probability.”
-Pierre Simon de Laplace
" The best way to predict the future is to invent it."
- Alan Kay
“The beauty of the soul shines out when a man bears with composure one heavy mischance
after another, not because he does not feel them, but because he is a man of high and heroic
temper.”
-Aristotle
“Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.”
-Plato
“In taking revenge a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior, for it
is a prince's part to pardon.”
-Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
“How much more grievous are the consequences of anger than the causes of it.”
-Marcus Aurelius
“We are all full of weakness and errors; let us mutually pardon each other our follies.”
-Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet]
"All are lunatics, but he who can analyze his delusion is called a philosopher."
- Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914)
"The power of accurate observation is frequently called cynicism by those who don't have it."
- George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
"We have art to save ourselves from the truth."
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
For wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things that may be desired are not to be compared
to it.
-Proverbs 8,11
“A steady man proves that fortune is powerless compared to him.”
-Niccolò Macchiavelli
“Fortune can take only what she gave us.”
-Italian proverb
“There are three things extremely hard, Steel, a Diamond, and to know one’s self.”
-Benjamin Franklin
“Appreciation is a wonderful thing; It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.”
-Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet]
“How little we should enjoy life if we never flattered ourselves!”
-La Rochefoucauld, Maxims, 1665
"I was taught very early that I would have to depend entirely upon myself; that my future lay in
my own hands."
- Darius Ogden Mills
“Narcissim, like selfishness, is an overcompensation for the basic lack of self-love.”
-Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, 1941
“Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap, but by the seeds you plant.”
-Robert Louis Stevenson
“The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to them their
own.”
-Benjamin Disraeli
The greatest reward lies in making the discovery; recognition can add little or nothing to that.
-Franz Ernst Neumann (1798-1895)
"Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever."
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
“Victory finds a hundred fathers but defeat is an orphan.”
-Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1938
“Travel is glamorous only in retrospect.”
-Paul Therouxm, in The Observer
-Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy, 1958
Aphorisms
READ MORE - Aphorisms - Part 1
“The important thing is to not stop questioning.”
-Albert Einstein
"Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it"
- Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
“I once had a sparrow alight upon my shoulder for a moment while I was hoeing in a village
garden, and I felt that I was more distinguished by that circumstance than I should have been by
any epaulet I could have worn.”
-Henry David Thoreau
"Each of us visits this Earth involuntarily, and without an invitation. For me, it is enough to
wonder at the secrets."
-Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
“We hear and apprehend only what we already half know.”
-Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862
“Two-thirds of what we see is behind our eyes.”
-Chinese Proverb
“It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.”
-Aristotle
“We don’t see things as they are; we see things as we are.”
-The Talmud
Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor imagination nor both together go to the making of
genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of genius.
-Mozart
"I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have."
- Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.”
-Aristotle
"I have never let my schooling interfere with my education."
-Mark Twain (1835-1910)
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
-Theodosius Dobzhansky
“A hen is only an eggs way of making another egg.”
-Samuel Butler, 1835-1901
“The outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for
the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in
life.”
-Max Plank
“An intelligence which at a given instant comprehends all the relations of the entities of the
universe could predict their positions, motions and general affects at any time in the past or
future. So it is that we owe to the weakness of the human mind the science of chance and
probability.”
-Pierre Simon de Laplace
" The best way to predict the future is to invent it."
- Alan Kay
“The beauty of the soul shines out when a man bears with composure one heavy mischance
after another, not because he does not feel them, but because he is a man of high and heroic
temper.”
-Aristotle
“Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.”
-Plato
“In taking revenge a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior, for it
is a prince's part to pardon.”
-Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
“How much more grievous are the consequences of anger than the causes of it.”
-Marcus Aurelius
“We are all full of weakness and errors; let us mutually pardon each other our follies.”
-Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet]
"All are lunatics, but he who can analyze his delusion is called a philosopher."
- Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914)
"The power of accurate observation is frequently called cynicism by those who don't have it."
- George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
"We have art to save ourselves from the truth."
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
For wisdom is better than rubies; and all the things that may be desired are not to be compared
to it.
-Proverbs 8,11
“A steady man proves that fortune is powerless compared to him.”
-Niccolò Macchiavelli
“Fortune can take only what she gave us.”
-Italian proverb
“There are three things extremely hard, Steel, a Diamond, and to know one’s self.”
-Benjamin Franklin
“Appreciation is a wonderful thing; It makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.”
-Voltaire [Francois-Marie Arouet]
“How little we should enjoy life if we never flattered ourselves!”
-La Rochefoucauld, Maxims, 1665
"I was taught very early that I would have to depend entirely upon myself; that my future lay in
my own hands."
- Darius Ogden Mills
“Narcissim, like selfishness, is an overcompensation for the basic lack of self-love.”
-Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, 1941
“Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap, but by the seeds you plant.”
-Robert Louis Stevenson
“The greatest good you can do for another is not just share your riches, but reveal to them their
own.”
-Benjamin Disraeli
The greatest reward lies in making the discovery; recognition can add little or nothing to that.
-Franz Ernst Neumann (1798-1895)
"Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever."
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
“Victory finds a hundred fathers but defeat is an orphan.”
-Count Galeazzo Ciano, The Ciano Diaries, 1938
“Travel is glamorous only in retrospect.”
-Paul Therouxm, in The Observer
-Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy, 1958
Aphorisms
How to Get a Will
How to Get a Will ? Every body life at world having a purpose. Almost everything offered in this world nowadays is not given for free. This includes services, but it depends if the services that you are looking for may perhaps be provided by a close friend or a relative. But for some, they might just give you a discount. This may also apply in getting your own last will and testament.
A last will or testament is a statement that transfers estate, properties, and wealth of a person or otherwise known as the testator when he dies. Basically, it is a legal act in which a person can be ensured that his belongings are handled by inheritors he trusts the most. Conditions and terms can also be settled by the testator before allowing the inheritor to obtain his wealth. The deceased’s wealth is then inherited mostly by close family members or friends. But in some cases, the testator’s properties or businesses may be separately given to people who’re capable of managing it.
There are some factors that must be considered before getting your own will. Here are some requirements that you must comply in order for your will and testament to be legally qualified:
First would be your age. You must be in a legally fixed age before having your own will written. This also depends on the jurisdiction of your state.
You as the testator must clearly indicate your whole name in the last will and testament as its maker. This should also be written on the front page of the document.
You also have to declare once changes or cancellations have occurred on your previous last will and testament or also known as the codicil. Codicil is the statement that contains altered contents from the previous copy of your get a will.
You must also indicate in your last will and testament that you are willing to give stated properties to your chosen inheritors.
Your signature must be included on the document with the date that it was signed. The signature is usually placed on the last part of the document. Your signature in the will is very vital, since this validates the authentication of the document. Upon signing your will and testament, there should be at least 2 witnesses who are not one of your chosen inheritors. This is needed to verify the document’s validity.
Now that you know the qualifications you need in having a last will and testament, here are some ways on how you can have your will written for free:
How to Get a Will? It is easy to have your own last will and testament written for free if you have a family member or a close friend who is an attorney. They may offer you a free service, since you’re old and they might think that you will include them as your inheritors.
You can also inquire in the Elder Law Committee. It is a project of the Houston Bar Association where in they sponsor an event for elders who want to have their get a will written for free. This free program is called the Will-A-Thon. Here are the requirements on how to qualify:
The age requirement for you to qualify is 60 or above.
Your yearly income must not be higher than $21,600. For married senior citizens, the income limit should not be higher than $29,140. They might also consider deducting your yearly medical expenses with your total yearly income if you’re income is over the limit.
Once you are qualified, the committee will provide you a volunteer attorney. You will also be given a chance to look at your will and testament if the document is written according to your instructions once finished. How to Get a Will and Get All!
READ MORE - How to Get a Will
A last will or testament is a statement that transfers estate, properties, and wealth of a person or otherwise known as the testator when he dies. Basically, it is a legal act in which a person can be ensured that his belongings are handled by inheritors he trusts the most. Conditions and terms can also be settled by the testator before allowing the inheritor to obtain his wealth. The deceased’s wealth is then inherited mostly by close family members or friends. But in some cases, the testator’s properties or businesses may be separately given to people who’re capable of managing it.
There are some factors that must be considered before getting your own will. Here are some requirements that you must comply in order for your will and testament to be legally qualified:
First would be your age. You must be in a legally fixed age before having your own will written. This also depends on the jurisdiction of your state.
You as the testator must clearly indicate your whole name in the last will and testament as its maker. This should also be written on the front page of the document.
You also have to declare once changes or cancellations have occurred on your previous last will and testament or also known as the codicil. Codicil is the statement that contains altered contents from the previous copy of your get a will.
You must also indicate in your last will and testament that you are willing to give stated properties to your chosen inheritors.
Your signature must be included on the document with the date that it was signed. The signature is usually placed on the last part of the document. Your signature in the will is very vital, since this validates the authentication of the document. Upon signing your will and testament, there should be at least 2 witnesses who are not one of your chosen inheritors. This is needed to verify the document’s validity.
Now that you know the qualifications you need in having a last will and testament, here are some ways on how you can have your will written for free:
How to Get a Will? It is easy to have your own last will and testament written for free if you have a family member or a close friend who is an attorney. They may offer you a free service, since you’re old and they might think that you will include them as your inheritors.
You can also inquire in the Elder Law Committee. It is a project of the Houston Bar Association where in they sponsor an event for elders who want to have their get a will written for free. This free program is called the Will-A-Thon. Here are the requirements on how to qualify:
The age requirement for you to qualify is 60 or above.
Your yearly income must not be higher than $21,600. For married senior citizens, the income limit should not be higher than $29,140. They might also consider deducting your yearly medical expenses with your total yearly income if you’re income is over the limit.
Once you are qualified, the committee will provide you a volunteer attorney. You will also be given a chance to look at your will and testament if the document is written according to your instructions once finished. How to Get a Will and Get All!
What is Anemia
What is Anemia, do you've heard? Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. General Symptoms: You may have no symptoms if the anemia is mild. Anemia occurs when there isn't enough hemoglobin (an iron-protein compound in red blood cells that transports oxygen) in the blood and there are too few red blood cells. Anemias are the most common blood disorder; there are several types of anemia. They are usually caused by an iron deficiency. In Canada, approximately 20% of women, 50% of pregnant women, and 3% of men are iron deficient. Overall, it occurs in two out of 1,000 people.
Some infants may need extra iron, especially if they are bottle-fed with cow's milk. This is why doctors often prescribe iron supplements during infancy and why infant diets are iron fortified and only iron-fortified formulas should be used.
The body needs the iron to make hemoglobin. Except in cases of malnourished infants, iron deficiency is almost always caused by long-term blood loss due to factors such as heavy menstrual periods, peptic ulcer disease, long-term ASA use, colon cancer, uterine cancer, and malignancies (cancerous tumors). It may also occur if there's not enough iron-containing food in the person's diet or if there's poor absorption of iron (such as in the case of people who have had gastric bypass surgery).
This form of anemia occurs quite often in pre-menopausal women because women lose blood during menstruation. Pregnant women who don't take iron supplements may develop iron deficiency anemia because their iron stores are used as a source of hemoglobin for the baby.
Many people, however, are unaware of just how tired they were until after they've been treated.
In addition to feeling tired and having less energy, the person may have pale skin, gums, nail beds, and eyelid linings. Eventually, if anemia becomes severe enough, the heartbeat may become more rapid and noticeable.
Other symptoms of iron deficiency anemias may include:
Physical exam. During a physical exam your doctor may listen to your heart and your breathing. Your doctor may also place his or her hands on your abdomen to feel the size of your liver and spleen.
Complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of your blood. For anemia, your doctor will be interested in the levels of the red blood cells contained in the blood (hematocrit) and the hemoglobin in your blood.
Normal adult hematocrit values vary from one medical practice to another, but are generally between 38.8 and 50 percent for men and 34.9 and 44.5 percent for women. Normal adult hemoglobin values are generally 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 15.5 grams per deciliter for women.
A test to determine the size and shape of your red blood cells. Some of your red blood cells may also be examined for unusual size, shape and color. Doing so can help pinpoint a diagnosis. For example, in iron deficiency anemia, red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. In vitamin deficiency anemias, red blood cells are enlarged and fewer in number.
Additional tests
If you receive a diagnosis of anemia, your doctor may order additional tests to determine the underlying cause. For example, iron deficiency anemia can result from chronic bleeding of ulcers, benign polyps in the colon, colon cancer, tumors, or kidney failure. Your doctor may test for these and other conditions that may underlie the anemia.
Occasionally, it may be necessary to study a sample of your bone marrow to diagnose anemia. read another about cancer: What is breast cancer
READ MORE - What is Anemia
Some infants may need extra iron, especially if they are bottle-fed with cow's milk. This is why doctors often prescribe iron supplements during infancy and why infant diets are iron fortified and only iron-fortified formulas should be used.
The body needs the iron to make hemoglobin. Except in cases of malnourished infants, iron deficiency is almost always caused by long-term blood loss due to factors such as heavy menstrual periods, peptic ulcer disease, long-term ASA use, colon cancer, uterine cancer, and malignancies (cancerous tumors). It may also occur if there's not enough iron-containing food in the person's diet or if there's poor absorption of iron (such as in the case of people who have had gastric bypass surgery).
This form of anemia occurs quite often in pre-menopausal women because women lose blood during menstruation. Pregnant women who don't take iron supplements may develop iron deficiency anemia because their iron stores are used as a source of hemoglobin for the baby.
Many people, however, are unaware of just how tired they were until after they've been treated.
In addition to feeling tired and having less energy, the person may have pale skin, gums, nail beds, and eyelid linings. Eventually, if anemia becomes severe enough, the heartbeat may become more rapid and noticeable.
Other symptoms of iron deficiency anemias may include:
- irritability
- weakness
- shortness of breath
- low blood pressure (especially when going from lying or sitting to standing)
- sore tongue
- brittle nails
- unusual food cravings (called pica)
- decreased appetite (especially in children)
- headache
Physical exam. During a physical exam your doctor may listen to your heart and your breathing. Your doctor may also place his or her hands on your abdomen to feel the size of your liver and spleen.
Complete blood count (CBC). A CBC is used to count the number of blood cells in a sample of your blood. For anemia, your doctor will be interested in the levels of the red blood cells contained in the blood (hematocrit) and the hemoglobin in your blood.
Normal adult hematocrit values vary from one medical practice to another, but are generally between 38.8 and 50 percent for men and 34.9 and 44.5 percent for women. Normal adult hemoglobin values are generally 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 15.5 grams per deciliter for women.
A test to determine the size and shape of your red blood cells. Some of your red blood cells may also be examined for unusual size, shape and color. Doing so can help pinpoint a diagnosis. For example, in iron deficiency anemia, red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. In vitamin deficiency anemias, red blood cells are enlarged and fewer in number.
Additional tests
If you receive a diagnosis of anemia, your doctor may order additional tests to determine the underlying cause. For example, iron deficiency anemia can result from chronic bleeding of ulcers, benign polyps in the colon, colon cancer, tumors, or kidney failure. Your doctor may test for these and other conditions that may underlie the anemia.
Occasionally, it may be necessary to study a sample of your bone marrow to diagnose anemia. read another about cancer: What is breast cancer
Power Generation
Power Generation is the leading manufacturer in the assembly, sale and service of diesel powered generator sets. Or the process of generating electric energy from other forms of energy.
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Hydro Power Generation
Hydro electric power is conducted from hydro power generators and used to power large and small machinery for a variety of tasks. These machines withstand tremendous amounts of water pressure and environmental conditioning with each rotation of the turbine. They can be preserved with routine maintenance procedures and attention to detail. The main benefit to hydro power generator use is the availability of renewable energy with limited cost or dependency upon large organizations.
Companies considering converting power sources should use a hydro power generator to determine the viability of its implementation. These are available at many manufacturing plants, and hydro electricity power plants. Hydro power generation are the future of North American machinery.
Magnetohydrodynamic Generator
MHD generator a power generation in which the energy of the working fluid (a conductive liquid or gaseous medium) moving through a magnetic field is converted directly into electric power. The term “magnetohydrodynamic generator” is derived from the fact that the motion of such mediums is described by magnetohydrodynamics.
Direct conversion of energy is an outstanding characteristic of MHD generators, distinguishing them from electromechanical generators. In both kinds of generators the generation of electric current is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction—that is, on the generation of a current in a conductor that crosses the lines of force of a magnetic field. The distinguishing feature of an MHD generator is the fact that the working fluid itself is the conductor. When it moves across the magnetic field, streams of charge carriers of opposite direction and polarity arise in it.
The working fluid may be an electrolyte, liquid metal, or ionized gas (plasma). In a typical case, where the working fluid is a gaseous conductor (plasma), the charge carriers are primarily free electrons and positive ions, which in a magnetic field are deflected from the path along which the gas would move in the absence of a magnetic field. In strong magnetic fields or a rarefied gas, the charged particles have sufficient time between collisions for translation in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
This directional motion of charged particles in an MHD generation results in the appearance of an additional electric field, the Hall field, directed parallel to the flow of gas. The term “magnetohydrodynamic generator” originally denoted equipment in which an electrically conducting liquid was the working fluid. Later the term was also applied to all other apparatus of a similar type, including those using an electrically conductive gas.
The idea of the possibility of replacing a solid conductor with a liquid conductor was proposed by the English physicist M. Faraday. However, his attempt at experimental validation of his idea failed in 1832. It was not until 1851 that the English scientist Wollaston confirmed Faraday’s hypothesis by a practical experiment by measuring the electromotive force (emf) induced by tidal flows in the English Channel.
Practical use of Faraday’s idea was long delayed because of the lack of knowledge about the electrophysical properties of gases and liquids. Subsequent research was conducted in two main areas, the use of the effects of induction of an emf for velocity measurements in a moving medium (for example, in electromagnetic flowmeters) and the generation of electric power.
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READ MORE - Power Generation
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.
For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical power storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be and are used to generate electricity such as solar photovoltaics and geothermal power.
Hydro Power Generation
Hydro electric power is conducted from hydro power generators and used to power large and small machinery for a variety of tasks. These machines withstand tremendous amounts of water pressure and environmental conditioning with each rotation of the turbine. They can be preserved with routine maintenance procedures and attention to detail. The main benefit to hydro power generator use is the availability of renewable energy with limited cost or dependency upon large organizations.
Companies considering converting power sources should use a hydro power generator to determine the viability of its implementation. These are available at many manufacturing plants, and hydro electricity power plants. Hydro power generation are the future of North American machinery.
Magnetohydrodynamic Generator
MHD generator a power generation in which the energy of the working fluid (a conductive liquid or gaseous medium) moving through a magnetic field is converted directly into electric power. The term “magnetohydrodynamic generator” is derived from the fact that the motion of such mediums is described by magnetohydrodynamics.
Direct conversion of energy is an outstanding characteristic of MHD generators, distinguishing them from electromechanical generators. In both kinds of generators the generation of electric current is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction—that is, on the generation of a current in a conductor that crosses the lines of force of a magnetic field. The distinguishing feature of an MHD generator is the fact that the working fluid itself is the conductor. When it moves across the magnetic field, streams of charge carriers of opposite direction and polarity arise in it.
The working fluid may be an electrolyte, liquid metal, or ionized gas (plasma). In a typical case, where the working fluid is a gaseous conductor (plasma), the charge carriers are primarily free electrons and positive ions, which in a magnetic field are deflected from the path along which the gas would move in the absence of a magnetic field. In strong magnetic fields or a rarefied gas, the charged particles have sufficient time between collisions for translation in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
This directional motion of charged particles in an MHD generation results in the appearance of an additional electric field, the Hall field, directed parallel to the flow of gas. The term “magnetohydrodynamic generator” originally denoted equipment in which an electrically conducting liquid was the working fluid. Later the term was also applied to all other apparatus of a similar type, including those using an electrically conductive gas.
The idea of the possibility of replacing a solid conductor with a liquid conductor was proposed by the English physicist M. Faraday. However, his attempt at experimental validation of his idea failed in 1832. It was not until 1851 that the English scientist Wollaston confirmed Faraday’s hypothesis by a practical experiment by measuring the electromotive force (emf) induced by tidal flows in the English Channel.
Practical use of Faraday’s idea was long delayed because of the lack of knowledge about the electrophysical properties of gases and liquids. Subsequent research was conducted in two main areas, the use of the effects of induction of an emf for velocity measurements in a moving medium (for example, in electromagnetic flowmeters) and the generation of electric power.
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